✨ Nursing Note A&P – Introduction✨

An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

前言

嗨嗨大家，我是薇布啦！

先別被一大堆英文嚇到
由於很多人考美國護理師執照NCLEX-RN的需求，問我有沒有英文版的筆記

然後，我同學們都說我的英文筆記，比他們那些英文母語者整理得還好，所以決定慢慢分享上來了！

注意事項：本人的筆記有時候方便閱讀，會把一些不重要的字刪去，導致英文文法不是完全正確

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Define

• Anatomy: study of body structures

  • Gross anatomy: study of anatomy by dissecting a cadaver

  • Systemic anatomy: study of structure of organ systems

  • Clinical anatomy: clinical practice

  • Microscopic anatomy:

    • Cytology: study of internal structure of individual cells

    • Histology: examination of tissues

• Physiology: study of body functions

  • Cell physiology: study of functions of cells

  • Organ physiology: study of function of specific organs   

  • Systemic physiology: all aspects of functioning of specific organ systems    

  • Pathological physiology: study of effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions

    • signs: objective disease indication, fever

    • symptoms: subjective disease indication, tiredness

Levels of organization

Atoms > Cells > Tissue > Organs > Organ system > Organism

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Homeostasis

keep internal environment within certain limits

Failure results in disease

• Three regulatory mechanisms

  • Receptor: a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change

  • Control center: receives information supplied by receptor > sends out commands

  • Effector: a cell or organ that responds to commands of control center > activity either opposes or enhances stimulus

• Autoregulation: cell, tissue, organ, organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change

  • e.g., O2 drop > vessels dilation > blood flood increase > O2 increase

• Extrinsic regulation: activities of nervous system(signal) or endocrine system(messenger)

  • e.g., exercise > O2 more in muscles

    nervous system > increase heart rate

    endocrine system > decrease other organs active (GI)

• Positive feedback: initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances original change

  • e.g., homeostatic mechanisms > infection, injury, genetic abnormality

  • positive feedback loop: complete a dangerous process quickly to reestablish homeostasis

• Negative Feedback: a way of counteracting a change

  

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Anatomical terms

• anatomical position: hands at sides, palms facing forward, feet together

  • Supine: face up

  • Prone: face down

• Anatomical Regions: abdominopelvic quadrants, abdominopelvic regions

  

  

  

• Sectional anatomy

  • Frontal / Coronal Plane: separates anterior and posterior portions of body

  • Sagittal Plane: passes through midline. separates body into equal right and left sides

  • Transverse / horizontal Plane: separates superior and inferior portions of body

    

    

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Body cavities:

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic regions

• Function: (1) protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts, (2) permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs.

• Thoracic cavity:

  • two pleural cavities > serous membrane surround two lungs

    • serous membrane: pleura

    • outer surface> visceral pleura

  • mediastinal surface > parietal pleura

    • mediastinum: separate left and right pleural cavities

  • connective tissue > surrounds, stabilizes, supports esophagus, trachea, thymus, major blood vessels

• Pericardial cavity > heart

  • serous membrane: pericardium

  • visceral pericardium > covering heart

  • parietal pericardium > opposing surface

• Diaphragm: separates Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity:

  • Peritonea cavity

    • a potential space lined by a serous membrane(peritoneum) > inner surface of body wall > narrow space containing a small amount of fluid

    • separates parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum

  • Abdominal cavity

    • inferior (toward feet) surface of diaphragm to the level of the superior (toward the head) margins of the pelvis.

    • Contain: liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, most of large intestine.

    • Kidneys, pancreas > lie between peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of abdominal cavity(retroperitoneal)

  • Pelvic cavity

    • inferior to abdominal cavity

    • pelvis bones form walls, muscle layer forms its floor

    • contain inferior portion of peritoneal cavity

    • Contain: urinary bladder, various reproductive organs, distal portion of large intestine

    • Female > ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus.

    • Male > prostate gland, seminal glands (seminal vesicles)

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Reference

Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2018). Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology (11th ed.). Pearson.

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