✨護理藥理 - 詞彙表✨
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The science of …
藥劑學(Pharmacy)
製備藥物與劑型的科學
The science of the preparation of drugs.
藥理學(Pharmacology)
研究藥物與人體作用關係的科學
The study of how drugs affect the body and the mechanisms by which drug effects are produced.白話文:藥吃下去如何在身體裡產生的變化~
藥效學(Pharmacodynamics)
藥物在體內產生的效果與作用機制
The study of drug effects within the body and the mechanisms through which drug actions are produced.白話文:藥吃下去如何在身體裡的作用
藥物基因學(Pharmacogenetics)
研究個人基因對藥物反應影響的學科
The study of how a person’s genetic makeup influences the response to medications.白話文:藥吃下去和身體基因的關係
藥物動力學(Pharmacokinetics)
研究藥物如何被吸收、分布、代謝與排泄
The study of the processes by which the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminates drugs.白話文:藥與身體的冒險旅程!
藥物動力學(Pharmacokinetics)
吸收(Absorption)
藥物動力學的第一階段,藥物進入人體並從給藥部位進入體內循環
The first step in pharmacokinetics where a drug enters the body and transitions from the site of administration into systemic circulation.
分布(Distribution)
藥物動力學的第二階段,藥物經由血液傳送至全身
The second phase of pharmacokinetics in which a drug is transported through the bloodstream and distributed to various tissues in the body.
代謝(Metabolism)
藥物動力學的第三階段,藥物在體內被分解以利排出
The third phase of pharmacokinetics involving the chemical transformation of a drug to facilitate its elimination from the body.
排泄(Excretion)
藥物動力學的最後階段,藥物的代謝產物被身體排出
The last phase of pharmacokinetics in which drug metabolites and waste products are removed from the body.
藥效學(Pharmacodynamics)
作用機轉(Mechanism of action)
藥物在細胞層級如何產生作用的過程
The way a medication functions at the cellular level to produce effects within the body.
首渡效應(First-pass effect)
口服或腸道給藥的藥物在肝臟和腸道被代謝而降低活性
The process by which drugs given orally or enterally are metabolized and inactivated by the liver and intestines.
起效時間(Onset)
藥物開始發揮療效的時間點
The point at which a medication starts to take effect and produces a therapeutic response.
作用時間(Duration)
藥物產生預期治療效果的持續時間
The duration during which a medication maintains its intended therapeutic effect.
高峰期(Peak)
藥物在血液中濃度達到最高、療效最明顯的時間
The point at which the highest level of a drug is present in the bloodstream.
副作用(Side effect)
藥物產生的非主要目標作用,可能影響非靶器官
An unintended effect of a drug that may occur in a different organ from the intended target.
不良反應(Adverse effect)
在正確給藥的情況下,出現未預期且可能危害病人的藥理作用
A harmful and unintended drug effect that can occur even when the medication is used appropriately.
副作用 V.S. 不良反應
副作用:除了主要治療效果之外所產生的其他生理反應,通常是可以預期的,且半較輕微,對健康造成嚴重威脅
例如,抗組織胺藥物可能會引起嗜睡、化療藥物可能導致掉髮
在臨床上會把副作用當作主要作用
抗組織胺藥物的嗜睡當作安眠藥
Sildenafil:作用為擴張血管治療肺動脈高壓症,結果產生相關副作用血液流入陰從而使陰莖達到持續勃起的效果,因而誕生出威爾剛(Viagra)
不良反應:出現對身體有害或危險的反應,通常不可預期,嚴重時甚至可能危及生命。通常需要立即停藥並進行醫療處置,必要時還需通報藥害事件
白話文
副作用:預期內、常見、通常輕微
不良反應:預期外、可能嚴重、需謹慎處理
選擇性(Selectivity)
藥物產生理想作用與副作用之間的分離程度
The distinction between a drug’s therapeutic effects and its adverse or harmful effects.白話文:考慮藥物對病人的優點與缺點,如:化療藥物殺死癌症細胞的同時導致掉髮
親和力(Affinity)
藥物與受體之間的結合強度
The degree to which a drug binds tightly to its target receptor.白話文:藥物和身體容不容易結合在一起~
油水:親和力極差
促效劑(Agonist)/ 刺激劑 / 激動劑
與受體結合並產生作用的藥物
A compound that binds to a receptor and triggers a physiological effect.
白話文:身體本身正常的功能,再吃顆藥讓功能正常作用或加速
瑪利歐吃到蘑菇或無敵星星!
拮抗劑(Antagonist)/ 抑制劑
阻斷其他分子作用、通常與細胞受體競爭結合的分子;作用與促效劑相反
A compound that blocks the effects of other substances, typically by occupying a receptor without activating it; functions in contrast to an agonist.白話文:阻止身體發揮正常的功能
瑪利歐吃到毒蘑菇
生體可用率(Bioavailability)
藥物進入血液循環的程度,代表藥物實際可發揮作用的濃度
The presence of a drug in the bloodstream after it is administered.
血腦屏障(Blood-brain barrier)
由緊密排列的毛細血管構成的屏障,可防止有害物質(如毒素或病毒)進入腦部
A protective barrier formed by tightly joined capillaries that shields the brain from harmful substances like toxins and pathogens.
藥劑學(Pharmacy)
劑量反應關係(Dose-response)
為達到預期療效所需的藥物劑量。
The amount of medication needed to produce the intended therapeutic effect.
效能(Efficacy)
藥物可達到的最大治療效果。
The greatest therapeutic response that a drug can produce, regardless of dose.
效價(Potency)
產生特定療效所需的藥物劑量
The amount of a drug needed to achieve a defined level of therapeutic effect.
治療指數(Therapeutic index)
衡量藥物安全性的重要數值,表示有效劑量與中毒劑量的比值
A numerical measure of drug safety that compares the dose needed for a therapeutic effect to the dose that causes toxicity. Drugs with a higher therapeutic index are considered safer than those with a lower one.
治療窗(Therapeutic window)
在最安全且最有效範圍內發揮藥效的劑量區間
The range of drug dosage that provides the optimal balance between safety and effectiveness.
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參考資料
Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN); Ernstmeyer K, Christman E, editors. Nursing Pharmacology [Internet]. 2nd edition. Eau Claire (WI): Chippewa Valley Technical College; 2023. Chapter 1 Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK595006/
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